The Optional Practical Training (OPT) program is a valuable opportunity for F-1 visa holders in the United States to gain practical work experience in their field of study. It allows international students to apply their academic knowledge in real-world work environments, enhancing their career prospects while remaining in the U.S.
This comprehensive guide explains everything international students need to know about the OPT program, including eligibility criteria, application process, different types of OPT, and tips for making the most of this opportunity.
What is OPT (Optional Practical Training)?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a temporary work authorization granted to international students on an F-1 visa in the U.S. It allows them to work in a job directly related to their field of study.
Key Features of OPT
✔ Work authorization for F-1 students in their field of study.
✔ Up to 12 months of employment for eligible students.
✔ STEM OPT Extension – An additional 24 months for students in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields.
✔ Can be used before or after graduation.
✔ Must be approved by USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services).
OPT helps international students gain practical experience, making them more competitive in the global job market.
Types of OPT: Pre-Completion vs. Post-Completion
There are two types of OPT:
1. Pre-Completion OPT (Before Graduation)
- Allows students to work part-time (maximum 20 hours per week) while school is in session.
- Can be full-time during summer or school breaks.
- Counts toward the 12-month limit of standard OPT.
- Less common, as many students prefer Curricular Practical Training (CPT) for work experience before graduation.
2. Post-Completion OPT (After Graduation)
- Begins after completing the degree program.
- Allows full-time work (up to 40 hours per week).
- Students can stay in the U.S. for 12 months after graduation while working.
- Most commonly used by F-1 students.
If a student uses Pre-Completion OPT, the time used is deducted from the total 12 months available for Post-Completion OPT.
Eligibility Criteria for OPT
To qualify for OPT work authorization, students must meet these eligibility requirements:
1. Hold an F-1 Visa
- Must be an active F-1 student enrolled at a SEVP-approved U.S. school.
2. Complete One Full Academic Year
- Students must complete at least one full academic year (two semesters) before applying.
3. Work Must Be Related to Field of Study
- The job must be directly related to the student’s degree program.
4. Not Exhausted Previous OPT Benefits
- If a student has already used all 12 months of OPT, they cannot apply again for the same level of education.
Meeting these criteria ensures that students remain eligible for OPT authorization.
How to Apply for OPT
Step 1: Request OPT Recommendation from Your Designated School Official (DSO)
- Contact your university’s International Student Office.
- Request OPT recommendation from your Designated School Official (DSO).
- The DSO will issue a new Form I-20 with OPT approval.
Step 2: File Form I-765 with USCIS
- Complete Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization).
- Pay the USCIS application fee (varies based on current USCIS guidelines).
- Submit the application online or by mail.
Step 3: Gather Required Documents
- New Form I-20 with OPT recommendation.
- Completed Form I-765.
- Passport copy (valid for at least six months).
- F-1 visa copy.
- Recent I-94 record (available online).
- Passport-size photos (as per USCIS specifications).
Step 4: Submit Your OPT Application to USCIS
- Send all documents to USCIS before the deadline.
- OPT applications must be filed within 90 days before graduation or within 60 days after graduation.
Step 5: Wait for Employment Authorization Document (EAD) Approval
- After submission, USCIS processes the application (typically 90-120 days).
- If approved, USCIS issues an Employment Authorization Document (EAD), allowing students to start work.
STEM OPT Extension (Additional 24 Months)
Students in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields may qualify for an additional 24 months of OPT.
Eligibility for STEM OPT Extension
✔ Degree must be in a STEM-designated field.
✔ Must work for an E-Verify employer.
✔ Must have a valid 12-month OPT approval before applying.
✔ Must submit Form I-765 for extension before OPT expiration.
This extension allows STEM graduates to work for up to 3 years in the U.S. under OPT authorization.
Key Deadlines for OPT Applications
- Apply 90 days before graduation or within 60 days after graduation.
- Processing time takes around 3-4 months, so apply early.
- STEM students must apply for the OPT extension before their initial OPT expires.
Missing these deadlines may result in losing work authorization.
Employment Rules and Restrictions for OPT
To maintain legal status while on OPT, students must follow these employment rules:
1. Work Must Be Related to Field of Study
- The job must align with the student’s degree program.
- Example: A Computer Science graduate must work in tech-related roles, not retail.
2. Maintain Employment
- Students cannot be unemployed for more than 90 days while on OPT.
- STEM OPT extension students cannot be unemployed for more than 150 days.
3. Report Employment Updates to DSO
- Students must inform their Designated School Official (DSO) about:
✔ Job details (employer name, location, start date).
✔ Changes in employment (job switch, unemployment).
4. Do Not Work Without EAD Approval
- Students must wait for EAD approval before starting work.
- Unauthorized work can lead to visa violations and future immigration problems.
Benefits of OPT for International Students
1. Gain Work Experience in the U.S.
✔ Provides real-world industry experience in the U.S. job market.
2. Pathway to H-1B Visa Sponsorship
✔ Many OPT students receive H-1B visa sponsorship from U.S. employers.
3. Opportunity to Build a Professional Network
✔ Working in the U.S. helps students connect with potential employers and industry professionals.
4. Earn Money While Gaining Experience
✔ OPT allows international students to earn an income while working legally in the U.S.
Common Mistakes to Avoid in OPT Applications
1. Applying Late
- Students must apply before the 60-day post-graduation deadline.
2. Not Maintaining Employment
- Exceeding the 90-day unemployment limit can lead to visa violations.
3. Forgetting to Update DSO
- Not reporting employment changes can cause immigration issues.
4. Working Without EAD Approval
- Starting work before receiving the EAD card is illegal.
Avoiding these mistakes ensures a smooth OPT experience.
Conclusion
The OPT program is a crucial opportunity for F-1 visa holders to gain practical experience in their field of study. Whether applying for Pre-Completion or Post-Completion OPT, students must follow the correct procedures to secure work authorization.
To maximize your chances of a successful OPT experience:
✔ Apply early to avoid delays.
✔ Ensure your job aligns with your degree.
✔ Follow all reporting requirements to maintain legal status.
✔ Consider the STEM OPT extension for additional work opportunities.
By understanding the rules, application process, and employment restrictions, international students can make the most of their Optional Practical Training and build a strong career foundation in the U.S.
